Mechanisms of selenomethionine developmental toxicity and the impacts of combined hypersaline conditions on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that can cause embryotoxicty at levels 7-30 times above essential concentrations. Exposure to hypersaline conditions and 50 μM selenomethionine (SeMet) decreased embryo hatch and depleted glutathione in Japanese medaka embryos without affecting Se accumulation. To better understand the impacts of nonchemical stressors on developmental toxicity of Se in fish, several adverse outcome pathways were evaluated in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). We treated medaka embryos at 12 h post fertilization with 50 μM SeMet for 12 hours in freshwater or in 13 ppth hypersalinity and evaluated the contributions of oxidative stress, the unfolded protein response and apoptosis to reduced hatch. Exposure to SeMet and hypersalinity decreased embryo hatch to 3.7% ± 1.95, and induced teratogenesis in 100% ± 0 of hatched embryos. In contrast, treatments of freshwater, saltwater, and SeMet in freshwater resulted in 89.8% ± 3.91-86.7% ± 3.87 hatch, and no significant increase in deformities. We found no significant differences in lipid peroxidation, indicating that oxidative stress may not be responsible for the observed toxicity in embryos at this time point (24 h). Although significant changes in apoptosis were not observed, we witnessed up to 100 fold increases in transcripts of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP) and trends toward increasing downstream signals, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and ATF6 indicating potential contributions of the unfolded protein response to the effects of SeMet and hypersaline conditions. These data indicate that multiple adverse outcome pathways may be responsible for the developmental toxicity of Se and salinity, and these pathways may be time dependent

Use of isotope dilution method to predict bioavailability of organic pollutants in historically contaminated sediments.

Many cases of severe environmental contamination arise from historical episodes, where recalcitrant contaminants have resided in the environment for a prolonged time, leading to potentially decreased bioavailability. Use of bioavailable concentrations over bulk chemical levels improves risk assessment and may play a critical role in determining the need for remediation or assessing the effectiveness of risk mitigation operations. In this study, we applied the principle of isotope dilution to quantify bioaccessibility of legacy contaminants DDT and PCBs in marine sediments from a Superfund site. After addition of 13C or deuterated analogues to a sediment sample, the isotope dilution reached a steady state within 24 h of mixing. At the steady state, the accessible fraction (E) derived by the isotope dilution method (IDM) ranged from 0.28 to 0.89 and was substantially smaller than 1 for most compounds, indicating reduced availability of the extensively aged residues. A strong linear relationship (R2=0.86) was found between E and the sum of rapid (Fr) and slow (Fs) desorption fractions determined by sequential Tenax desorption. The IDM-derived accessible concentration (Ce) was further shown to correlate closely with tissue residue in the marine benthic polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata exposed in the same sediments. As shown in this study, the IDM approach involves only a few simple steps and may be readily adopted in laboratories equipped with mass spectrometers. This novel method is expected to be especially useful for historically contaminated sediments or soils, for which contaminant bioavailability may have changed significantly due to aging and other sequestration processes

Evidence linking exposure of fish primary macrophages to antibiotics activates the NF-kB pathway.

Low doses of antibiotics are ubiquitous in the marine environment and may exert negative effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Using primary macrophages of common carp, we investigated the mechanisms of action following exposure to several common antibiotics; cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, sulfamonomethoxine, and their mixtures, and explored the immunomodulatory effects associated with the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. A KEGG pathway analysis was conducted using the sixty-six differentially expressed genes found in all treatments, and showed that exposure to 100 μg/L of antibiotics could affect regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that activation of NF-κB is a common response in all four classes of antibiotics. In addition, the four antibiotics induced nf-κb and NF-κB-associated cytokines expression, as verified by qPCR, however, these induction responses by four antibiotics were minor when compared to the same concentration of LPS treatment (100 μg/L). Antagonists of NF-κB blocked many of the immune effects of the antibiotics, providing evidence that NF-κB pathways mediate the actions of all four antibiotics. Moreover, exposure to environmentally relevant, low levels (0.01-100 μg/L) of antibiotics induced a NF-κB-mediated immune response, including endogenous generation of ROS, activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as expression of cytokine and apoptosis. Moreover, exposure to mixtures of antibiotics presented greater effects on most tested immunological parameters than exposure to a single antibiotic, suggesting additive effects from multiple antibiotics in the environment. This study demonstrates that exposure of fish primary macrophages to low doses of antibiotics activates the NF-kB pathway

Xenobiotic biotransformation in aquatic organisms

Aquatic animals are exposed to a variety of natural and anthropogenic xenobiotics. Biotransformation of xenobiotics was examined in three aquatic animals: a primitive mollusc (chiton); a shellfish which is an important human food source (oyster); and, a lower vertebrate model for toxicological studies (rainbow trout). Since digestive glands of Cryntochiton stelleri possessed cytochrome P-450 (P-450), various Phase II conjugation and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) activities, primitive marine molluscs have the appropriate enzymes to cope with organic xenobiotics. Studies examining gill and visceral mass microsomes from the oyster (Crassostrea gigas) demonstrated strong evidence for FMO and co-oxidation pathways and possible involvement of P- 450. FMO and one electron co-oxidation pathways appear to catalyze N-oxidation of 2-aminofluorene in microsomes from oyster visceral mass suggesting that, like the chiton, multiple enzymes are involved in xenobiotic biotransformation in the oyster. In rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the in vitro and in vivo biotransformation of aldicarb was examined to help determine the role of FMO in this species. Since FMO was responsible for the formation of the major metabolite, aldicarb sulfoxide, this enzyme plays a significant role in the biotransformation of nitrogen and sulfur-containing chemicals. FMO enzyme activity was used in conjunction with immunochemical quantitation to observe the tissue distribution, sexual and developmental differences of trout FMO. Immunoquantitation of FMO was directly correlated with enzyme activity. These data showed that trout FMO is structurally and biochemically related the mammalian forms of FMO. Since the trout has been used as an alternative vertebrate model to study mammalian toxicology, the demonstration of FMO in this species will provide a better understanding of the enzymatic basis for the biotransformation of nitrogen and sulfur-containing chemicals

Degradation of contaminants of emerging concern by UV/H2O2 for water reuse: Kinetics, mechanisms, and cytotoxicity analysis.

Advanced oxidation using UV and hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) has been widely applied to degrade contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in wastewater for water reuse. This study investigated the degradation kinetics of mixed CECs by UV/H2O2 under variable H2O2 doses, including bisphenol A, estrone, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and triclosan. Reverse osmosis (RO) treated water samples from Orange County Water District's Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) potable reuse project were collected on different dates and utilized as reaction matrices with spiked additions of chemicals (CECs and H2O2) to assess the application of UV/H2O2. Possible degradation pathways of selected CECs were proposed based on high resolution mass spectrometry identification of transformation products (TPs). Toxicity assessments included cytotoxicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-binding activity, and estrogen receptor-binding activity, in order to evaluate potential environmental impacts resulting from CEC degradation by UV/H2O2. Cytotoxicity and estrogenic activity were significantly reduced during the degradation of mixed CECs in Milli-Q water by UV/H2O2 with high UV fluence (3200 mJ cm-2). However, in GWRS RO-treated water samples collected in April 2017, the cytotoxicity and estrogen activity of spiked CEC-mixture after UV/H2O2 treatment were not significantly eliminated; this might be due to the high concentration of target CEC and their TPs, which was possibly affected by the varied quality of the secondary treatment influent at this facility such as sewer-shed and wastewater discharges. This study aimed to provide insight on the impacts of post-UV/H2O2 CECs and TPs on human and ecological health at cellular level

Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) life development: morphological, physiological, behavioral and molecular phenotypes.

BackgroundMahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) is a commercially and ecologically important fish species that is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Biological attributes and reproductive capacities of mahi-mahi make it a tractable model for experimental studies. In this study, life development of cultured mahi-mahi from the zygote stage to adult has been described.ResultsA comprehensive developmental table has been created reporting development as primarily detailed observations of morphology. Additionally, physiological, behavioral, and molecular landmarks have been described to significantly contribute in the understanding of mahi life development.ConclusionRemarkably, despite the vast difference in adult size, many developmental landmarks of mahi map quite closely onto the development and growth of Zebrafish and other warm-water, active Teleost fishes